The total damages inflicted on Ukraine’s real estate, infrastructure, vehicles, and inventories as a result of Russia’s full-scale invasion have risen to $197.5 billion. Compared with the previous estimate of $169.8 billion as of November 2024, damages have increased by 16%.

The figures come from an assessment of damages to Ukraine’s infrastructure prepared by KSE Institute jointly with the Ministry for Development of Communities and Territories of Ukraine and the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine, in cooperation with other relevant ministries and the National Bank of Ukraine.

Housing accounts for the largest share of damages, at $65.9 billion. Damages to transport infrastructure are estimated at $42 billion, while damages to enterprise assets in industry, construction, and services amount to $18.4 billion, and damages to the energy sector stand at $18.3 billion. A further $12.2 billion is attributed to education infrastructure and $12.1 billion to the agricultural sector and land resources.

In absolute terms, the largest increase was recorded in damages to housing, which rose by $5.9 billion. Significant new destruction has also been recorded in the energy sector, transport infrastructure, and enterprise assets. The growing number of Russian ballistic missile and drone attacks is causing new infrastructure damage both in frontline areas and in regions farther from the front.

Housing remains the most affected sector, with damages reaching $65.9 billion. Nearly 416,000 residential buildings have been damaged or destroyed, including 352,000 private houses, 63,000 apartment buildings, and around 1,000 dormitories. Housing in cities in eastern Ukraine and frontline regions has suffered the most extensive destruction, although residential buildings have been damaged across the country.

Damages to transport infrastructure are estimated at $42 billion. Roads account for the largest share. Around 29,000 km of national, local, and municipal roads have been damaged or destroyed. Damages to Ukrzaliznytsia assets are estimated at $5 billion, port infrastructure at $1.2 billion, and the aviation sector at $2 billion.

Industry, construction, and services have suffered $18.4 billion in direct damages. Assets of around 12,600 enterprises have been damaged or destroyed, including around 100 large and medium-sized private enterprises and around 500 state-owned enterprises. Metallurgy has suffered the largest losses, while in regional terms, almost half of the estimated damages to businesses are concentrated in Donetsk Oblast.

Damages to the energy sector have risen to $18.3 billion. Compared with the previous estimate, they have increased by 25%. Energy remains one of the sectors suffering significant new destruction as a result of systematic Russian attacks on generation capacity, networks, and other critical infrastructure.

Damages to education infrastructure are estimated at $12.2 billion. Nearly 4,800 educational institutions have been damaged or destroyed as a result of hostilities. Secondary schools and preschools have been affected the most. Damage to education infrastructure has been recorded in 22 regions of Ukraine.

Damages to the agricultural sector and land resources amount to $12.1 billion. The largest share is attributed to the destruction and damage of agricultural machinery, at more than $7.1 billion. Damages to agricultural storage infrastructure are estimated at more than $2 billion, while the value of destroyed and stolen agricultural products stands at nearly $1.9 billion.

Total direct damages from the destruction and damage of public sector facilities, including education, science, and healthcare institutions, cultural and sports facilities, social infrastructure, and administrative buildings, are estimated at approximately $22.8 billion.

In particular, damages to healthcare amount to $4.5 billion, culture, sports, and tourism to $4.5 billion, and municipal services and utilities to $3.8 billion. Damages to digital infrastructure have risen to $1.8 billion.

The assessment covers direct damages to physical assets resulting from their complete or partial destruction. The calculations were carried out in accordance with the World Bank methodology, based on data from relevant government authorities, local administrations, official statistics, open data, and other available sources. Due to limited access to temporarily occupied territories and areas of active hostilities, the actual scale of destruction may be higher.

Damages caused after February 2026, including by intensified Russian missile attacks during the summer months, are not included in this assessment. KSE Institute continues to refine its assessment of direct damages, expand the categories covered, and develop scenario-based estimates of the potential scale of further destruction.